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Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)
The Siege of Bergen op Zoom (Dutch, Beleg van Bergen op Zoom) took place during the Austrian War of Succession, when a French army, under the command of Lowendal and the overall direction of Marshal Maurice de Saxe, laid siege and captured the strategic Dutch border fortress of Bergen op Zoom on the border of Brabant and Zealand in 1747.〔Lodge p.271.〕 Bergen op Zoom was defended by allies, consisting of: the Dutch, Austrians, British, Hanoverians and Hessians, that supported the Pragmatic Sanction. After seven years of brutal war, both sides in this conflict were suffering from weariness of the war. Although tentative peace initiatives had been put forward, neither side was yet willing to make meaningful concessions.〔Browning. ''Austrian Succession'', pp.317-319.〕 The capture of Bergen op Zoom would be a signal defeat for the Dutch and would open the door for an invasion of the Dutch Netherlands. The siege was the center of attention in Europe and news of it followed eagerly in numerous reports with the Pragmatic allies confident that the fortress would withstand the French and the French determined it should fall.〔''The Gentleman's Magazine'', Vol. 17, London, 1747. pp. 328-329, 401-402, 409-412, 464-465. Cust: ''Annals'', V.II, p. 121, "The fate of Bergen-op-Zoom, on which the eyes of all Europe were fixed...".〕
==Preliminary maneuvers==
Following his victory at the Battle of Lauffeld, the French Marshal de Saxe detached a force 30,000〔Cust, Edward. ''Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century'', Vol.II, London, 1858, p. 120〕 strong under the command of General von Lowendal, a master in the art of siege craft,〔Cust: ''Annals'', V.II, p. 121.〕 to lay siege to Bergen op Zoom.〔Lodge p. 260.〕 Saxe calculated that his numerically inferior opponents would not be able to adequately defend two fortified cities at once.〔Browning: ''Austrian Succession'', p. 318〕 Needing to protect Maastricht from the threat posed by De Saxe's forces, neither the British commander, the Duke of Cumberland, nor the Austrian commander, Batthiani, felt able to move to support Bergen op Zoom. For the Dutch this proved the unwillingness of her allies to assist them in their time of need, while their British allies felt the Dutch demands for greater allied effort in this war was absurd - reasoning that the Dutch had not formally declared war on France.〔Browning: ''Austrian Succession'', p. 321.〕
Bergen op Zoom was a fortress town with a population of some 5,000 people and an initial garrison of 3,000 under the command of the 86-year-old, vigorous Governor General Cronström. The circumference of the fortress ramparts was about three miles with ten bastions covered by five hornworks. The intervals contain twenty one ravelins which are covered by stone lunettes. Much of the surrounding country was marshland. Additionally, an intrenched camp at Rosendahl, defended by three forts: ''Moermont'', ''Pinsen'', ''Rovers'', and trench lines connecting to the city on the northeast, were held by the Prince of Hildburghausen with 20 battalions of infantry and 14 squadrons of cavalry that could reinforce or relieve the garrison. Because of these lines and some lesser lines to the west, Bergen op Zoom could not be completely invested, or surrounded. Further, because of the low lying ground, large areas fronting the defenses were inundated by the Dutch using various sluices and channels and this prevented any French approach in those parts of the field. The fortress was the chief work of the great Dutch engineer, Menno van Coehoorn. It was believed to be impregnable〔d' Espagnac, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Damarzit de Sahuguet. ''Histoire de Maurice, comte de Saxe, duc de Courlande et de Semigalle'', Vol. 2, Paris, MDCCLXXV. p.283.〕 and was considered the strongest fortification in Dutch Brabant.〔Cust, Edward. ''Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century'', Vol.II, London, 1858, p. 120〕 Bergen op Zoom had withstood two previous sieges, the first in 1588 and a second in 1622. It could be supplied with munitions and provision by boats using two navigable canals each defended by its own fort.〔Skrine: ''Fontenoy'', p.335.〕
Bergen op Zoom was well-garrisoned and well-supplied, so the siege by French forces did not cause immediate alarm in the Netherlands.〔Lodge p.260–71〕 The fortress had access to the sea, and the Dutch navy supplied the fortress without serious interference by the French. The French, since they were the besieging force and controlled much of the surrounding area, were also well-supplied and reinforced. However, the allies had an army under Prince Waldeck nearby which posed a continuing threat to French supply lines.〔Skrine: ''Fontenoy'', p.336〕
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